Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Lalchhandama, K.
- Study on the Phytochemical Constituents and Some Biological Activities of the Toothache Plant Acmella oleracea, Cultivated in Mizoram, India
Abstract Views :155 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk 796017, Mizoram, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk 796017, Mizoram, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol 9, No 3 (2017), Pagination: 152-155Abstract
One of the most widely used medicinal plants among the Mizo people of India is Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (family Asteraceae). In addition to its medicinal properties, it is regularly used as vegetable. Its traditional applications include the treatments of anaemia, body ache, cancer, gastric ulcer and infections, gingivitis, gout, inflammations, laceration, malaria, stammering, and intestinal helminthiasis. In this study, different extracts of the whole plants were prepared using hexane, chloroform and methanol. The methanol extract indicated the presence of highest number of bioactive compounds, such as carbohydrates, phytosterols, flavonoids, and tannins. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity. The plant extract exhibited similar concentration-dependent scavenging activity of the free radicalas that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total antioxidant activity was estimated against ascorbic acid, and it showed higher value than BHT.Antibacterial activity was studied using the methanol extract and tetracycline as a standard reference. Corresponding to that of the antibiotic, 10 and 20 mg/ml of the plant extract were treated with two Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and two Gram-positivebacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. However, the plant extract showed no antibacterial activity on these species. Nonetheless, the study provides important information on the basic pharmacological properties of the plant.Keywords
Acmella oleracea, Antioxidant Activity, Medicinal Plant, Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical.
References
- Tiwari KL, Jadhav SK, Joshi V. An updated review on medicinal herb genus Spilanthes. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He XueBao (Journal of Chinese Integrated Medicine) 2011; 9: 1170–1178.
- Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. High therapeutic potential of Spilanthes acmella: a review. EXCLI Journal 2013; 12: 291–312.
- Lim TK. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers. Springer Science, Business Media Dordrecht, Netherlands 2014; pp. 163–174.
- Dubey S, Maity S, Singh M, Saraf SA, Saha S. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Spilanthes acmella: a review. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences2013: 423750.
- Paulraj J, Govindarajan R, Palpu P. The genus Spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: a review. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 2013: 510298.
- Chakraborty A, Devi BR, Sanjebam R, Khumbong S, Thokchom IS. Preliminary studies on local anesthetic and antipyretic activities of Spilanthes acmella Murr. in experimental animal models. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 42: 277–279.
- Duke JA. Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 2008; pp. 13–14.
- Prachayasittikul S, Suphapong S, Worachartcheewan A, Lawung R, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. Bioactive metabolites from Spilanthes acmella Murr. Molecules 2009; 14: 850–867.
- Dubey S, Maity S, Singh M, Saraf SA, Saha S. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Spilanthes acmella: a review. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 2013:423750.
- Spelman K, Depoix D, McCray M, Mouray E, Grellier P. The traditional medicine Spilanthes acmella, and the alkylamides spilanthol and undeca‐2e‐ene‐8, 10‐diynoic acid isobutylamide, demonstrate in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. Phytotherapy Research 2011; 25: 1098–1101.
- Moreno SC, Carvalho GA, Picanço MC, Morais EG, Pereira RM. Bioactivity of compounds from Acmella oleracea against Tutaabsoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and selectivity to two non‐target species. Pest Management Science 2012; 68: 386–393.
- Simas NK, Dellamora EDCL, Schripsema J, Lage CLS, de Oliveira Filho AM, Wessjohann L, Porzel A, Kuster RM. Acetylenic 2-phenylethylamides and new isobutylamides from Acmella oleracea (L.) RK Jansen, a Brazilian spice with larvicidal activity on Aedesaegypti. Phytochemistry Letters 2013; 6: 67–72.
- Ratnasooriya WD, Pieris KP, Samaratunga U, Jayakody JR. Diuretic activity of Spilanthes acmella flowers in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004; 91: 317–320.
- Chakraborty ARKB, Devi RK, Rita S, Sharatchandra KH, Singh TI. Preliminary studies on antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Spilanthes acmella in experimental animal models. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 36:148–150.
- Wu LC, Fan NC, Lin MH, Chu IR, Huang SJ, Hu CY, Han SY. Anti-inflammatory effect of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella on murine macrophage by down-regulating LPS-induced inflammatory mediators. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008; 56: 2341–2349.
- Savadi RV, Yadav R, Yadav N. Study on immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of Spilanthes acmella Murr. leaves. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2010; 1: 204– 207.
- Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958; 181: 1199–1200.
- Nagashima M, Nakatani N. LC-LS analysis and structure determination of pungent alkamides from Spilanthes acmella L. flowers. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft, Technologie1992; 25: 417– 421.
- Sahu J, Jain K, Jain B, Sahu RK. A review on phytopharmacology and micropropagation of Spilanthes acmella. Pharmacologyonline Newslett 2011; 2: 1105-1110.
- Choudhary S, Tran L. Phytosterols: perspectives in human nutrition and clinical therapy. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 18: 4557–4567.
- Lopez-Alarcón C, Denicola A. Evaluating the antioxidant capacity of natural products: A review on chemical and cellular-based assays. Analytica Chimica Acta2013; 763: 1–10.
- Young IS, Woodside JV. Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2001; 54: 176–186.
- Halliwell B. Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annual Review of Nutrition 1996; 16: 33–50.
- Carocho M, Ferreira IC. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013; 51: 15–25.
- Arora S, Vijay S, Kumar D. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on the leaves of Spilanthes acmella. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2011; 3: 145–150.
- de Alcantara BN, Kobayashi YT, Barroso KF, da Silva IDR, de Almeida MB, Barbosa WLR. Pharmacognostic analyses and evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Acmella oleracea (L.) RK Jansen (Jambu) floral extract and fractions. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2015; 9: 91–96.
- Anticancer and DNA-Protecting Potentials of Spilanthes acmella (Toothache Plant) Grown in Mizoram, India
Abstract Views :369 |
PDF Views:176
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl – 796001, Mizoram, IN
1 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl – 796001, Mizoram, IN
Source
Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 19, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 57-63Abstract
The toothache plant, Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray, is an important culinary and medicinal plant. Here, we study its probable properties as a protective agent for DNA damage and cell proliferation, the two molecular events in oncogenesis. Plant extract was prepared by hot extraction using methanol as solvent. Various chemical tests were performed to collectively understand its free radical-scavenging activity, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, potassium ferricyanide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide assays. Free radicals used or produced in these assays represent those that cause DNA damages in cells. The plant extract showed free radical-scavenging activity in all the tests and was as effective as standard drugs. Cancer cell lines such as Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Chinese hamster lung carcinoma (V79) cells were used for anticancer assays. The plant extract showed anticancer activity only on lymphoma cells; but there was no discernible inhibition on carcinoma. The study shows that S. acmella is a promising source of therapeutic agent in the prevention of cancer development and DNA damage.Keywords
Chinese Hamster Lung Carcinoma, Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites, Free Radical Scavenging, Medicinal Plant, MTT Assay.Full Text
References
- Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. High therapeutic potential of Spilanthes acmella: a review. EXCLI Journal. 2013; 12:291-312. PMid:27092032 PMCid:PMC4827075
- Paulraj J, Govindarajan R, Palpu P. The genus Spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: a review. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. 2013; 2013:510298. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/510298
- Demarne F, Passaro G, Gattefosse SA. Use of an Acmella oleracea extract for the botulinum toxin-like effect thereof in an anti-wrinkle cosmetic composition. United States patent US 75311932. 2009: p. 1-6. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080069912A1/en
- Cheng YB, Liu RH, Ho MC, Wu TY, Chen CY, Lo IW, Hou MF, Yuan SS, Wu YC, Chang FR. Alkylamides of Acmella oleracea. Molecules. 2015; 20:6970-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20046970
- Tiwari KL, Jadhav SK, Joshi V. An updated review on medicinal herb genus Spilanthes. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2011; 9:1170-8. https://doi.org/10.3736/jcim20111103
- Kumari S, Badana AK, Malla R. Reactive oxygen species: A key constituent in cancer survival. Biomark Insights. 2018; 13:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177271918755391
- Halliwell B. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: a critical evaluation with special reference to atherosclerosis. British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 1989; 70:737-57. PMid:2557883 PMCid:PMC2040729
- Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2015; 30:11-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
- Genestra M. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Cellular Signalling. 2007; 19:1807-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.04.009 PMid:17570640
- Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2010; 49:1603-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006
- Yashin A, Yashin Y, Xia X, Nemzer B. Antioxidant activity of spices and their impact on human health: A review. Antioxidants. 2017; 6:700-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030070
- Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li HB. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(1):96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
- Zhang YJ, Gan RY, Li S, Zhou Y, Li AN, Xu DP, Li HB. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules. 2015; 20:21138-56. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753
- David AV, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2016; 10:84-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
- Stockert JC, Blazquez-Castro A, Ca-ete M, Horobin RW, Villanueva A. MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets. Acta Histochemica. 2012; 114:785-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006
- Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, Murphy AN, Starkov AA. Mitochondrial ROS metabolism: 10 years later. Biochemistry. 2015; 80:517-31. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297915050028
- Some Phytochemical, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Tests for an Aqueous extract of Acmella oleracea
Abstract Views :173 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk 796017, Mizoram, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril 796004, Mizoram, IN
1 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk 796017, Mizoram, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril 796004, Mizoram, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Vol 12, No 6 (2019), Pagination: 3033-3037Abstract
Acmella oleracea (family Asteraceae) is known for its diverse applications such as food supplement, vegetable, antioxidant, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, ornamental plant and pig fodder. We prepared an aqueous extract from which the presence of alkaloids, tannins and saponins were detected. These chemical groups have been known for their wide-ranging therapeutic properties. The antibacterial activity was tested on Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and a Gram-positive species Bacillus subtilis. The plant extract showed no activity compared to that of the standard antibiotic tetracycline. Cytotoxic activity was also studied on cancer cell lines. We found an inverse relationship between treatment concentration and percent inhibition for HeLa (ATCC® CCL-2™) and V79 (ATCC® CCL-93™), however, the plant extract showed negligible effect on Dalton’s lymphoma ascites even at the highest concentration tested. The lower degree of inhibitions observed at higher concentrations for HeLa and V79 suggests that the plant extract might confer proliferative effect rather than antimitogenic effects on the cancer cells. The results indicate that A. oleracea has unique medicinal properties, which in turn provide the rationale for further investigations.Keywords
Acmella oleracea, Medicinal Plant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, Cancer Cells.References
- Vlachogianni T, Loridas S, Fiotakis K, Valavanidis A. From the traditional medicine to the modern era of synthetic pharmaceuticals natural products and reverse pharmacology approaches in new drug discovery expedition. Pharmakeftiki. 2014; 26: 16–30.
- Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson D, Lightfoot D. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 2017, 6(4): 42.
- Paulraj J, Govindarajan R, Palpu P. The genus Spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: a review. Advances in Pharmacological Science. 2013; 2013: 510298.
- da Silva Borges L, de Souza Vieira MC, Vianello F, Goto R, Lima GP. Antioxidant compounds of organically and conventionally fertilized jambu (Acmella oleracea). Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 2016; 32(3): 149–158.
- Phrutivorapongkul A, Vejabhikul AC, Chansakaow WN. An anesthetic alkamide and fixed oil from Acmella oleracea. Journal of Health Research. 2008; 22(2): 97–99.
- Lalfakzuala R, Lalramnghinglova H, Kayang H. Ethnobotanical usages of plants in western Mizoram. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2007; 6(3): 486–493.
- Maria-Ferreira D, Da Silva LM, Mendes DA, de Almeida Cabrini D, Nascimento AM, Iacomini M, Cipriani TR, Santos AR, de Paula Werner MF, Baggio CH. Rhamnogalacturonan from Acmella oleracea (L.) RK Jansen: gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties in rats. PloS ONE. 2014; 9(1): e84762.
- Lalthanpuii PB, Hruaitluangi L, Sailo Ng, Lalremsanga HT, Lalchhandama K. Nutritive value and antioxidant activity of Acmella oleracea (Asteraceae), a variety grown in Mizoram, India. International Journal of Phytopharmacy. 2017; 7(5): 42–46.
- Lalthanpuii PB, Lalawmpuii R, Lalchhandama K (2017). Study on the phytochemical constituents and some biological activities of the toothache plant Acmella oleracea, cultivated in Mizoram, India. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017; 9(3): 152–155.
- Lalthanpuii PB, Lalruatfela B, Vanlaldinpuia K, Lalremsanga HT, Lalchhandama K. Antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Acmella oleracea. Medicinal Plants. 2018; 10(4): 353–358.
- Evans WC and Trease GC. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy (16th ed). Balliere Tindal, London, 2009; pp. 356, 378.
- Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1966; 45(4): 493–496.
- Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1983; 65(1-2): 55–63.
- Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Latha LY. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2011; 8(1): 1–10.
- Jahan N, Khatoon R, Ahmad S, Shahzad A. Evaluation of antibacterial potential of medicinal plant Spilanthesacmella Murr. and its in vitro raised callus against resistant organisms especially those harbouringbla genes. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2013; 3(10): 119–124.
- Onoriode O, Oshomoh EO. Antibacterial activity of methanol and chloroform extracts of Spilanthes oleracea plant on isolated pathogenic oral bacteria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2018; 22(2): 237–245.
- Lemos TL, Pessoa OD, Matos FJ, Alencar JW, Craveiro AA. The essential oil of Spilanthesacmella Murr. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1991; 3(5): 369–370.
- George S, Bhalerao SV, Lidstone EA, Ahmad IS, Abbasi A, Cunningham BT, Watkin KL. Cytotoxicity screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts on pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative medicine. 2010; 10(1): 52.
- Unveiling the Unexplored and Critically Endangered Ilex khasiana for its Antioxidant Properties
Abstract Views :284 |
PDF Views:134
Authors
Charles Lalnunfela
1,
H. T. Lalremsanga
1,
T. C Lalhriatpuii
2,
David Lalnunzira
2,
K. Lalchhandama
3
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril – 796004, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk – 796017, Mizoram, IN
3 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl – 796001, Mizoram, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril – 796004, Mizoram, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk – 796017, Mizoram, IN
3 Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl – 796001, Mizoram, IN
Source
Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 19, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 214-220Abstract
Ilex khasiana Purk. is an evergreen tree of Aquifoliaceae family reportedly endemic to Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India; but it is also seen in a localised area of Aizawl, Mizoram, India. There is a vast history about the genus Ilex with reference to their medicinal uses in different traditional practices such as, in the treatment of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, hyperlipemia and hepatitis. Interestingly, I. khasiana is relatively unknown and yet it is known to possess multiple medicinal characteristics. The antioxidant potential studies were conducted on leaf extract specimens from Mizoram, using petroleum ether (IKP), chloroform (IKC) and methanol (IKM). IKM had the highest total antioxidant activity with 76.42 ascorbic acid equivalent (AE) mg/g, followed by IKP with 44.27 AE mg/g, and then by IKC with 17.08 AE mg/g respectively. The reducing power assay showed a concentration-dependent activity against potassium ferricyanide. The total phenolic content was found to be 3.46 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) mg/g for IKM and 1.450 GAE mg/g for IKC respectively. The total flavonoid content was 41.9 quercetin equivalent (QE) mg/g for IKC and 30.8 QE mg/g for IKM. IKP did not show any activity in phenolic and total flavonoid assays.Keywords
Antioxidant Activity, Flavonoids, Ilex khasiana, Phenolics, Reducing Power.Full Text
References
- Sharma GN, Gupta G, Sharma P. A comprehensive review of free radicals, antioxidants, and their relationship with human ailments. Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression. 2018; 28(2):139–54. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2018022258. PMid:30055541
- Chen Q, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Zhang L. Reactive oxygen species: Key regulators in vascular health and diseases. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2018; 175(8):1279–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13828. PMid:28430357 PMCid:PMC58 67026
- Parvez MK. Natural or plant products for the treatment of neurological disorders: Current knowledge. Current Drug Metabolism. 2018; 19(5):424–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200218666170710190249 PMid:28699506
- Hao D, Gu X, Xiao P, Liang Z, Xu L, Peng Y. Research progress in the phytochemistry and biology of Ilex pharmaceutical resources. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2013; 3(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2012.12.008
- The Plant List. Ilex [Internet]. [cited 2010]. Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex
- CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants, India. Ilex khasiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T31239A9618655 [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 6]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31239A9618655.en.
- Haridasan K, Rao RR. Forest Flora of Meghalaya, Vol. I. Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1985.
- Adhikari D, Barik SK, Upadhaya K. Habitat distribution modelling for reintroduction of Ilex khasiana Purk., a critically endangered tree species of northeastern India. Ecological Engineering. 2012; 40:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.004
- Laloo RC, Kharlukhi L, Jeeva S, Mishra BP. Status of medicinal plants in the disturbed and the undisturbed sacred forests of Meghalaya, northeast India: Population structure and regeneration efficacy of some important species. Current Science. 2006; 25:225–32.
- Sawmliana M. The Book of Mizoram Plants (2nd edition). Aizawl, India: Zakhuma; 2013. p. 142.
- Hao D, Gu X, Xiao P, Liang Z, Xu L, Peng Y. Research progress in the phytochemistry and biology of Ilex pharmaceutical resources. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2013; 3:8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2012.12.008
- Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Ilex pubescens Hook et Arn. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1992. p. 593–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_76
- Koo A. Microvascular techniques for in vivo assay of vasoactive agents from Chinese medicinal herbs. Chang HM, Yeung HW, Tso WW, Koo A, editors. Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. Singapore: World Scientific; 1985. p. 559–80.
- Zhang X, Ke M, Ou F. Extraction and isolation of total flavonoid glycosides of Mao Don Quing (Ilex pubescens) bark. Zhongcaoyao. 1981; 12:399.
- Wenjuan Q, Xiue W, Junjie Z, Fukuyama Y, Yamada T, Nakagawa K. Triterpenoid glycosides from leaves of Ilex cornuta. Phytochemistry. 1986; 25:913–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80026-7
- Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Pi H, Ruan H, Wu J. Appraisal of anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities of ethanol extract of Ilex ficoidea Hemsl and Ilex centrochinensis SY Hu. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011; 32:122–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.04.003. PMid:21843790
- Bracesco N, Sanchez AG, Contreras V, Menini T, Gugliucci A. Recent advances on Ilex paraguariensis research: minireview. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 136:378–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.032. PMid:20599603
- Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry. 1999; 269:337–41. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019. PMid:10222007
- Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1986; 44(6):307– 15. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
- Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 1965; 16:144–58.
- Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry. 1999; 64:555–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
- Dang JC, Kumaria S, Kumar S, Tandon P. Micropropagation of Ilex khasiana, a critically endangered and endemic holly of Northeast India. AoB Plants. 2011; 2011:plr012. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plr012. PMid:22476482 PMCid:PMC 3129536
- Sardesai VM. Role of antioxidants in health maintenance. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 1995; 10:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/011542659501000119. PMid:7898413
- Warner HR. Superoxide dismutase, aging, and degenerative disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1994; 17:249– 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)90080-9
- Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of food constituents: An overview. Archives of Toxicology. 2012; 86:345–91. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0774-2. PMid:22102161
- Prior RL, Cao G. In vivo total antioxidant capacity: Comparison of different analytical methods1. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1999; 27:1173–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00203-8
- Köksal E, Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2008; 32:65–78.
- Pereira D, Valentão P, Pereira J, Andrade P. Phenolics: From chemistry to biology. Molecules. 2009; 14:2202–11. https:// doi.org/10.3390/molecules14062202. PMCid:PMC6254163
- Valentão P, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Andrade PB, Seabra RM, Bastos ML. Hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity of small centaury (Centaurium erythraea) infusion. A comparative study with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Phytomedicine. 2003; 10:517–22. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103322331485. PMid:13678237
- Choi HR, Choi JS, Han YN, Bae SJ, Chung HY. Peroxynitrite scavenging activity of herb extracts. Phytotherapy Research. 2002; 16:364–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.904. PMid:12112294
- Parr AJ, Bolwell GP. Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2000; 80:985–1012. https:// doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<985::AIDJSFA572>3.0.CO;2-7
- Cos P, Ying L, Calomme M, Hu JP, Cimanga K, Van Poel B, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV. Structure − activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers. Journal of Natural Products. 1998; 61:71–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/np970237h. PMid:9461655
- Bruneton J. Huiles essentielles. Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales (3rd edition). Paris, France: Lavoisier; 1999.
- Cushnie TT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2005; 26:343–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005 .09.002. PMid:16323269